model for the representation of business transactions in the money economy
It is in our economic system, three large the economic process significantly affecting groups of participants: banks (Central Bank, private banks), the entrepreneurs and the power supplier. Ultimately, the mass of people as workers and employees in essentially the power supplier. The most important economic element or instrument for the exchange of services is money. The economic Process can essentially be described as follows.
in the companies, products or services produced by or with the help of the power suppliers. In economic terms, the total business spending money payments for the services of power suppliers. (For each operation, this looks more differentiated). These cash payments are in turn revenue performance of suppliers. With the income they buy the products and services produced in the company (s. 1 ). A scheme to illustrate this simplified model:
| | entrepreneurs | | producer supplier | |
| expenditure | MONEY | reached producer | MONEY | revenue |
| | PERFORMANCE | come to companies | PERFORMANCE | |
| | will | | | |
| | PRODUKT | gelangt zu Produzent ( II ) | PRODUKT | |
| revenue | MONEY | reached Company (I) | MONEY | expenditure |
* The function of banks is not listed in this schedule,
· is clear from this model that is a medium of circulation in a division of labor economy money facilitates the exchange of services between operators or even made possible: while the money flows in one direction, the performances get to the other, where demand for it. The money is from the banking system and ultimately provided by the Central Bank.
· On the cash side is clear that the original cost or cost of the entire company, with whom he pays his supplier performance (their income), later, as issues of this service provider's revenue. This can be described as a national economic axiom and is:
In an economy characterized by a money economy, is that the economic costs of future revenue or otherwise considered in a stable economy is the sum of all expenditure equal to the sum of all revenue.
The scheme also shows two weak points which hinder economic exchanges, because income and expenditure is no longer in equilibrium
I. Die Abnehmer behalten ihr Geld für andere Zwecke („Sparen“, Spekulation u.a.)
II. Die Leistungen werden nicht abgefragt, weil Sättigung herrscht (Kapitalismus) oder an den Bedürfnissen vorbei produziert wird (Sozialismus).
( s. 2 )
Zu II
Die im Company's products are removed from those who were mainly involved in their production. Fewer goods are removed, such a multi-product remains in the business (value / profit). This can consume the excess product itself or it has an enforcement problem. (S. 3 ) This is the goods side of the from opposite directions, consisting of interdependent circuit currents (money / goods) economic system.
Ad I
On the cash side , is that the expenditure is the future revenue. That means an economy is stable, wenn die einzelnen beteiligten Gruppen das wieder ausgeben, was sie einnehmen. Welche Wirkung hat es auf die Volkswirtschaft, wenn einzelne Gesellschaftsgruppen mehr Geld einnehmen als sie ausgeben können oder wollen, indem sie entweder “sparen“ (man sollte besser von „Einkommensüberschuss erzielen“ sprechen) oder Gewinne machen (Gewinn als positives Saldo aus Ausgaben, bzw. Kosten und Einnahmen)? Es ist logisch, dass sich dieser Überschuss als Geldvermögen in den Taschen dieser Gesellschaftsgruppen anhäuft . Wenn dieses Geld nicht wieder ausgegeben wird, sei es als Konsum oder Investition (eine besondere Konsumart), fehlt es der Volkswirtschaft. Diesem nicht ausgegebenen Überschuss stehen produzierte Güter, bzw. Leistungen gegenüber, die nicht vom Markt geräumt werden. Unternehmen gehen pleite, die Volkswirtschaft schrumpft.
Das folgende Zahlenbeispiel soll diese Aussagen illustrieren :
Hier wird die sog. reiche Gruppe, bei der die Einnahmen größer sind als die Ausgaben und die einen Bevölkerungsanteil von 25%, umfassen soll, in ihren Einnahmen dem großen Rest der Bevölkerung gegenübergestellt werden. Die Annahme von 40% Einnahmeanteil dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe am BIP, hier mit 2000 Mrd./Jahr Euro angegeben, kommt der bundesrepublikanischen Wirklichkeit wahrscheinlich recht nahe. Beim much of the population is mainly from the budgets as large as the revenue. The expenditure of the little rich part like constant at (!), For example at 720 billion € / year are that 36% of the initial (!) GDP of 2000 billion €. The profit would then be 4%, which is accumulated under prerequisite. Since the expenditure is always the future revenues, GDP will shrink in the following year, in our example by 80 billion euros (4% in 2000). The GDP shrinks under these conditions until the spending of the rich group are equal to their income, ie to make in our example, € 720 billion reached 40% of the then GDP, auf 1800 Mrd. Euro. Der Gewinn ist dann natürlich auf null geschrumpft ( Marx: tendenzielle Fall der Profitrate = Keynes: Grenzleistungsfähigkeit des Kapitals )
Das Entscheidende bei diesem Vorgang ist, dass der reiche Teil seine Einnahmen nicht konsumieren kann und dadurch Vermögen angehäuft wird. Diente diese Anhäufung nun dazu, die anfänglich ungleiche Einkommensverteilung zu Lasten des ärmeren Teils weiter zu verschieben, z.B. durch Rationalisierungs-Investitionen, würde sich letztlich die Krisendynamik verschärfen. Our economic and monetary system can therefore not work crises.
The balance of the purchase and sale, economically speaking, the expenditures and revenues is the foundation of a free economic crisis sequence. It is an enterprise resource planning "natural". There, goods for goods to be exchanged. Sale may take place through the simultaneous purchase and vice versa. In the hands of their producers largely useless goods to be exchanged into useful utility values, which are in the hands of the other exchange partner
The mere inequality in income distribution in a monetary economy could tend to lead to crises. Is solved the problem by the cash surplus is passed on to other traders on credit, who then injects its expenditure in the circulation.
Again, it is clear that our profit-oriented monetary economy on credit, is thus based on debt ratios. This is shown by the remarkable fact that two thirds of the bills are thus brought by the Central Bank in the economic cycle that gives loans to commercial banks.
But there is also an underlying basis in the economic system. Each division of labor economy is on instructed to place that performance and contribution at different times and different places can. This means that relationships of trust, or credit conditions (in the word credit puts the concept of trust) is because the participants have to trust that they receive for their services at a different time in another place and return. The role of the banking system (private and central banks) consists in delivering the assurance that the warenliefernde participant will receive in due course return.
The debtor can repay his loan only if he can sell his power, denn erst dann erhält er Geld für die Kredittilgung. Das ist die Ohnmacht des Schuldners. Gesamtwirtschaftlich gesehen kann die Kredittilgung nur funktionieren, wenn der Gesamtschuldner die Leistung des Schuldners annimmt, sonst wird der Kreislauf unterbrochen.
Zusammenfassung
Das Modell zeigt, dass ungleichmäßige Einkommensverteilung zu wirtschaftlichen Störungen führen kann. Extreme ungleiche Einkommensverhältnisse entstehen vor allem dann, wenn es in der Gesellschaft Möglichkeiten gibt, durch den bloßen Besitz von knappen, aber für alle notwendigen Gütern leistungsloses Einkommen achieve (profitable assets, see www.dr-wo.de/schriften/feudalismus/ ). In a modern industrial society, division of labor are:
- production resources scarce goods. - your possession leads to profits.
- Furthermore, the soil is a scarce resource, not enlargeable good. - being held out for rent.
- But more money is such a good, because the money is not just mere exchange, but also a store of that by hoarding the economic cycle may be withdrawn and therefore scarce. This reference is the liquidity of money, which means that the interest rate is not under the cash value (according to experience 2%) decreases. - The possession of money leads to interest in our monetary system.
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first A concrete example may illustrate the schema :
A car mechanic has established a service company (companies). He needs to start with an advance as Goods worth € 1000, which he has expressed concern as a loan. With this money a vendor is paid, which in turn has referred the supply by a major supplier to 1000 €. The major supplier pays with the money received, a forwarding agent, which can in turn pass his trolley in the garage. Thus, the 1000 Euro can get back to the car mechanic, the return on this workshop or bring power to his credit for a new power in the economic cycle.
second Stability of the cash cycle
In art, the proposed model as a control group known (carburetor engine Temperaturreglung eines Aquarium). Wegen der angegebenen Störstellen I und II ist der Geldkreislauf als Regelkreis instabil. Während die etablierten Ökonomen meinen, die Störstelle I (Geldhortung) sei durch die Zinserhebung im Prinzip behoben und sich in der Theoriebildung auf das Problem von Nachfrage und Angebot ( Störstelle II ) im Wirtschaftsgeschehen beziehen, konzentrieren sich die Freiwirtschaftler besonders auf das Problem der Geldhortung (Störung I) mit der Erklärung, daß der Zins die prinzipielle Instabilität des Geldkreislaufes noch verstärkt. Meistens vernachlässigen sie den Nachfrage/Angebot-Aspekt.
Bei den Störfällen I und II schwankt die Money supply: money is either removed from the circuit (hoarding), or it is in proportion to the quantity of goods at much or too little money (demand / supply - Problem of goods). For the economists, the instability of our economic system is therefore also a question of controlling the money supply (exact quantity of money) in relation to the single commodity production. This is described mathematically by the formula M x V / Q = P, while M is the money supply, V is the velocity of money, and Q is the gross domestic product. P is then the average price level.
is in a stable economic cycle P constant. Therefore, attempts to charge for the stability to control state institutions, the money supply (M x V) corresponding to the gross national product. But it has difficulties in accurately determining the money supply, also develops the key rate as a tax instrument, in view of the Giro is not under its control monetary expansion, only a small tax effect. The mainstream economists (classical monetarists) have so successfully proposed to take a little inflation in constant purchasing (Maarstrichkriterien), as the opposite movement - is more difficult to control - deflation.
The instability is not resolved, but in the opinion of Freiwirtschaftler only reinforced.
third Growth and debt dynamics in developed capitalist economic system
In a division of labor economy money is a means of circulation, which facilitates the exchange of services between the operators or even made possible: the money goes in one direction, while in the other the the performance of other flows, where demand for it.
this is that the equivalence (equivalence) of money to pay (the scale function Money) will be exchanged services for benefits, even in the case of a debtor, usually a business, namely in terms of loan repayment. The transaction describes the goods side of the from opposing, interdependent circuit currents (Geld-/Warenströme). In macroeconomic terms, be taken in the company (general contractor) products manufactured by those who made them a majority. Fewer goods are removed, such a multi-product remains on the entrepreneurs. This ultimately leads to added value and to profit. The general contractor may consume the excess product itself or it has an enforcement problem. (See Box tendency for rate of profit).
The recovery problem is that the gain is realized in the capitalist system through an excess of money ( G --- G --- W + MG ). The goods surplus (More on the goods) shall only be exchanged for the money its value (value added, profit).
But where are the customers who give it the money? can not even be the power supplier. They have with their cleared as revenue, income, and wages by the entity, the money part of the goods, as the equivalent cost is for this money. The other part of the goods surplus. What might look like a recovery of the goods surplus?
- The business community could consume the goods surplus itself by removing it with each other. They then consume the profits through their life of luxury - Construction of palaces. This creates social problems and has limitations.
- Or, the goods surplus is exported without the simultaneous importation of foreign goods in other countries. The country then has an export surplus. The foreign recipients either has debt, for which he pays interest or foreign currency in return paid by the exporter to the foreign economic investment return pregnant. The profits are transferred abroad through export income.
- The problem can also be resolved by lending. Only then will the other operators for market clearance of the goods surplus money necessary. (This is done indirectly by the central bank). This results in the debtor. Economically, this means economic growth, and that is when the debtor to repay his loan, additional Must provide services to earn the money necessary for redemption.
Already at this point it is clear that a profit-oriented financial system necessarily produces over Borrowing growth, it should work fine.
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