model for the representation of business transactions in the money economy (2)
possession of money
liquidity value
money in comparison to any goods without Kosten transportiert und bei nächster oder günstiger Gelegenheit ( Schnäppchensituation ) gegen eine Leistung entsprechend dem Tauschwert des Geldes eingetauscht werden ( Schlagfertigkeit des Geldes ). Bei einem Warentausch ohne Geld wäre das alles viel schwieriger. Geld macht den Waren- bzw. Leistungsaustausch zwischen Wirtschaftsteilnehmern flüssiger. (Liquidität). Diese Werte – Schlagfertigkeit , geringe Transportkosten ( Allokationskosten ) - werden als Liquiditätswert des Geldes bezeichnet, den das Geld durch gemeinsame Übereinkunft der Wirtschaftsteilnehmer und durch die Aufsicht des Staates erhält.
Es ist also ein Wert resulting from joint efforts with respect to Community rules. It is not a private performance by an individual's accrued value. While he makes the circulation is not noticeable, but only if one holds back money when you save.
Who saves money, that holds back the means of circulation, because it is eg due care in the piggy infected or maintains speculative cash (liquidity preference ), interferes with the circulation process, and thus the economic process.
This restraint possibility draws money from other goods from the rest. It is shown here next to the function as a means of circulation, a second function, namely as store of value, asset .
power relations
With the possibility of restraint or justify keeping savings but also power relations, in a monetary economy than in a pure barter economy.
In a barter economy can save in two ways either by decreasing or it does not produce any goods for others and self-consumed. The saver is so out of the economic process.
can be saved in a way In a money economy, on the purchase of goods or services (buyer position). Does not need the buyer that product or service, for example because it has enough, he is against the producers - the seller - in a position of power, because this money is needed to pay such debts or to buy goods which he needs urgently. The producer only receives money from the owner money, if it produced its performance also decreases. ( s. 1 )
Generally speaking, in the society have the money property owners a special relation of power over the have-nots. In this situation there are some operators such as the wage earners in a similar situation, for these allerdings weniger dramatisch, als für die Lohnabhängigen. Die Unternehmer müssen ihre Ware absetzen, um u.U. Geld zur Kreditzurückzahlung zu erhalten, die Lohnabhängigen können nur ihre Arbeitskraft anbieten, um Geld für ihren Lebensunterhalt zu verdienen. ( s. 1 ). Trotz seiner Verschuldung besitzt der Unternehmer immerhin noch die Produktionsmittel, die ihn in die Lage versetzen, leistungsloses Einkommen zu erzielen (Mehrwert/Profit) und er kann die Kapitalkosten über die Preise den Konsumenten aufbürden.
Zins als Allokationsmittel
Welche Möglichkeiten gibt es, Geld wieder in Zirkulation zu bringen, um ein Erliegen to prevent the economic process?
Realized is a reward system: Interest .
Interest is the price that the owner of money lent his money to a debtor, who runs it is usually through consumption or investment in the circulation. He is rewarded by the interest, because it the liquidity of money (cash value ) and thus gives up his position of power. The Liquidäswert, the owner attaches to the money the money is, by today's experiences on average about 2% of the amount of money lent. Including the interest rate will not decrease.
is repaid the loan plus interest, the creditor has more power or return value, obtained as he has spent himself for the borrowed money, at least the cash value ( s. 2). He has received more money without power, added value. The appropriated cash value is not the result of his performance, but by the general public. This demand for value the debtor as a producer in the form of a multi-service delivery, unless he can pass on these claims - the compulsion to economic growth is inevitable. Ultimately, the demands are stuck where the economically most powerful position that underlies it is because there is consumption existentially necessary for wage earners. This has nothing but his labor (See above). The renowned, died early constitutional D. Suhr called it in his study of our monetary system (D. Suhr: Capitalism as a monetary system, Campus Verlag 1988), the "asymmetry of sale and purchase" (s. 1 )
The ability to withhold money and demand is interest, there is greatest where the basis of property is still little consumer demand. Here you are also able to retain that money for so long, or otherwise use (speculation, transfer into the financial market) until the cash value of the interest has exceeded again. to make
This principle more money from money was already at the beginning of capitalism. It was the dealer proceeded the way and still proceed: With money, they bought goods regardless of their own goods need to sell them back at a profit:
G --- --- G + W MG . Historically, gathered first by many goods (houses) and finally to perfect the system money money (money capital) are privately owned. This was fundamental for the creation of factories and then for businesses in general. This position G - W-G + MG has determined the whole economic process and determined it today. It was and is die notwendige Vergabe von zinsbedingten Krediten an Unternehmen zur besonderen Notwendigkeit der gewinnorientierten Produktion.
Durch die Möglichkeit des Geldbesitzers Zins, einzunehmen, wird seine Machtposition immer stärker, wächst sein Geldguthaben und damit seine Forderung nach Geld, und zwar im Prinzip exponentiell, auf jeden Fall stärker als linear. Die Position des Schuldners wird immer schwächer und damit seine Fähigkeit zur Schuldentilgung, bis er schließlich Konkurs anmelden muss. Der Zusammenbruch von verschuldeten Unternehmen – die wirtschaftliche Krise – verhindert insgesamt aber, dass die Nachfrage (die Knappheit) nach dem Zirkulationsmittel Geld abnimmt, da ja die Nachfrage nach Leistungen und Waren nicht verschwindet, eher noch zunimmt. Die Möglichkeit der Zinsforderung bleibt durch dies Knappheit erhalten. ( s. 3 )
Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden: das Zinssystem in der Geldwirtschaft sorgt dafür, dass das Geld – der Vermittler des Leistungsaustausches – dort hinfließt und konzentriert wird, wo kein Bedarf ist - zu den konsumgesättigten Besitzenden – und dort in zunehmenden Maße fehlt, wo es zum Leistungsaustausch benötigt wird – die Masse der Nichtbesitzenden ( s. 4 ). Je älter die Volkswirtschaft wird, desto dramatischer wird diese Situation. Die Geldguthaben, d.h. die Forderungen nach Geld werden immer größer und konzentrieren sich in den Händen Weniger und der Schuldenberg der Produzenten wird immer größer.
Würden die Geldguthabenbesitzer ihre Forderungen in Leistungen umtauschen, könnte der Schuldenberg abgebaut werden, weil es ja genug Leistungswillige (Arbeitslose) gibt. Die Wenigen haben aber keinen Bedarf nach Leistungen, weil sie schon alles besitzen. Von 1950 bis 2001 stieg das Geldvermögen in der BRD von ca. 30 Milliarden Euro auf 6 Billionen Euro nominal bzw. 1,2 Billionen real. Dieses Geldvermögen ist ausgesprochen unsymmetrisch. Laut ARD Tagesschau vom 02.03.2005 besaßen 20% der Bevölkerung 2/3 des Geldvermögens.. Im Jahre 2001 standen dem Geldvermögen
6 Billionen Euro Schulden gegenüber, die sich zu ca. 70% auf die Unternehmen, zu 20 % auf den Staat und zu 5 % auf Private verteilen ( s. 5 u. 6 ).
Das ist die Erklärung dafür, dass heute einem Heer von Leistungsanbietern – 5 Millionen Arbeitslose – ein großer Bedarf an Leistungen im privaten und staatlichen Bereich gegenübersteht, ohne dass die beiden Seiten zusammenkommen, weil Geld von denen gefordert wird, die es nicht nötig haben und es dort fehlt, wo es nötig ist. ( s. 7 )
Eine wichtige Ursache für diese Fehlleitung liegt in dem Belohnungssystem der Zinsnahme.
Welche andere Möglichkeit gibt es, Geld wieder in Zirkulation zu bringen, damit es seine eigentlich wirtschaftlich bedeutende Funktion, der Vermittlung zwischen Bedarf und Leistung ausüben kann?
Lösung
Die wirtschaftlich Handelnden versuchen, die Lösung des Problems in der Produktionssphäre zu finden. Sowohl Kapitalismusvertreter als auch ihre Kritiker von den Gewerkschaftlern bis zu den Sozialisten klammern sich dabei an den Antagonismus zwischen Arbeitgebern (Produktionsmittelbesitzer) und Arbeitnehmern (die eigentl. Ihre Arbeit geben). Die einen preisen die Rendite (den Profit) als Menschheitsbeglücker und Naturereignis, die anderen verdammen die Profitgier. Die einen fordern Entlastung auf der Angebotsseite (Neoliberalismus), die anderen Stärkung der Nachfrage (Keynes).
Beide bemerken nicht, wie das Finanzkapital ihnen diese Bedingungen mit der Formel, aus Geld mehr Geld zu machen ( Geld – Ware – Geld + M ehr Geld), diktiert. Sie merken gar nicht, vor allem die Unternehmer des Mittelstandes nicht, dass beide, Unternehmer und Workers in the same boat. They bemoan the national debt and forget their own debts. The state has retreated from the responsibility for the circulation period (monetary stability) and transfer of the Federal Reserve, desperately trying to insufficiently effective instruments to regulate the money supply and money velocity in terms of stability.
all ignore the problems in the circulation phase.
This ignorance, however, be seen in the sphere of circulation, a systemic problem prevents finding solutions
Let us recall once again the Before - and After share of the money, and the associated interest rate for an economy:
money represents an unfinished exchange transaction
advantage transport function
· The money economy is the basis for a modern division of labor economy and a prerequisite for economic Progress. The task of the money (= cash + deposit money) is to exchange processes in space and time break.
· are in an advanced monetary economy while the debt (loans) and the mirror image resulting cash balances (= demand for money) the function of these exchanges long break, meaning they are conditions for the possibility of investment.
· Like money speeds up the product cycle beschleunigen die Schulden/ Geldguthabenverhältnisse den Geldkreislauf.
Vorteil : Wertaufbewahrungsfunktion: Geld kann wegen seiner in Relation zu anderen Waren großen Dauerhaftigkeit zur Wertaufbewahrung benutzt werden.
Nachteil : Das Geld, als Wertaufbewahrung benutzt, wird dem Wirtschaftskreislauf entzogen . Diese Zurückhaltung hemmt diesen Kreislauf bis zum Zusammenbruch.
Zins is the demand for more money . It must have between and borrowing rates are distinguished.
Deposit rates:
· desired function the maintenance of the cash cycle. The credit rate is the incentive for that money if it is not passed by purchase transactions, by lending the money Reislaufen comes and withdrawn so that NOT by hoarding (holding real cash balances ") is.
· unerwünschte Funktion: Positive Habenzinsen führen zu positiven Rückkopplung, exponentiellen Wachstum und damit langfristig zwingend zu Destabilisierung von Ökonomie, Politik, Ökologie und Sozialbereich. ( HAUPTPROBLEM!)
Sollzinsen:
· erwünschte Funktion: sparsamer Umgang mit knappen Ressourcen. Gäbe there are no interest charges, would anyone may arbitrarily borrow money or it would have to credit the distribution to the elimination of a market to be rationed.
· undesirable function: results because of the discounting of future cash flows, a systematic devaluation of the future, with consequent problems for the ecology and for the careful use of resources.
Therefore, the solution of the problem nur in einer derartigen Modifizierung des Geldsystems liegen, dass die erwünschten Funktionen erhalten bleiben und die unerwünschten Auswirkungen vermieden werden.
Hier muss der Diskurs geführt werden!
Eine langfristig wirksame und nachhaltige Therapie kann nur in Maßnahmen liegen, die verhindern, dass Guthaben und Kapitaleinkommen rascher wachsen als das BSP, dass also insgesamt durch Besitz von knappen gesellschaftlich nötigen Gütern, im großen Stil leistungsloses Einkommen erzielt wird.
Das kann sein :
- taxing capital assets
- taxing capital gains
- taxation cash
- taxes in the nature of the Tobin tax, or taxation of financial transfer)
- periodic debt relief, particularly from government (to s. 8 )
comments and References
(1 ) : D. Suhr: Capitalism as a monetary system, Campus Verlag, 1988, p. 15:
. ... But more importantly .. to observe the different position of power (the author) has in each individual, small business, money and goods, in the face, the money-owning buyer and the seller's own product or work. In all these shops shows to a asymmetry. (.. Suhr 1983, p. 22ff; timer / Godschalk 1986 S.28ff) you depends together with two money characteristics: First, with the optimal exchangeability of money that results from its general equivalent form devoted to second, so that the owner of money as a "hoarder" is free with his money as buyer spending, but to withhold ("naive" hoarding) or capital purposes (capitalist "hoarding" with value generation )........
In place of the "identical" and symmetrical exchange process of the exchange economy, the asymmetric structure of sale and purchase: The buyer can buy when he wants and he does not need to buy immediately, if he himself has sold . The seller, however, left with his labor or goods, and for no longer popular with the owner of money, or not to buy yet. He who is not his work or product get rid of, because it depends on it from the sales will of the owner of money, - who especially his own work can not sell a commodity that can not subsequently occur as a buyer: can not take the Food and Means of production, obtain he needs to live, work, produce and consume ................
This power of money is not the power of the seller of immovable goods, or work with, but also that of the buyer, the moving of money in his hand. And it is the power of the investor who has the money to the power of others to make sales. Who is rich in the society, which can typically move into the role of money the owner and buyer. Whoever sees the other hand, typically referred repeatedly to the role of the seller? The answer is simple: Those who live by his work must, must sell his work as the product has, therefore, the worse the economic goods-card game in hand. Conversely, those who use any of its assets must not itself, the silver and they can make money: He has a share in "social monopoly" of the "universal equivalent" money, by means of which the "social power", "private power" is. If it is true that no one can sell without a purchase, but no one has to buy just because he has already sold: then the buyer is sitting with his money, in fact, more leverage, - is then conceivable that he could exploit the situation to strike out more than an equivalent, - is it possible that the seller of the commodity "labor power" gets less than one equivalent. For he who sits at the longer lever to exert more pressure. He has the greater bargaining power, while the other is under negotiation pressure. Sun comes into an unlikely business, which can act out the money owner a higher price than the price under equilibrium conditions.
(2) : To explain and defend the claim for interest is often argued that all calling for loan-employment agencies and rental of machinery. Der Vorteil von Geldbesitzern gegenüber diesen Maschinenbesitzern besteht darin, dass Geldbesitz kaum der Abschreibung und Abnutzung unterliegt. Außerdem ist Geld universell einsetzbar und der Bedarf danach hängt nicht von speziellen Verwertungswünschen ab, wie etw. beim Rasenmähen.
(3) : D. Suhr, ebenda
„.......Wer die Zirkulation stört, der liefert negative Beiträge zur Produktion der Liquidität. Das kann man auch so ausdrücken: Er verursacht gesellschaftliche Kosten. Während also der Kassehalter enjoys the benefits of liquidity, it also produces cost to the other , in the shape that it required them to tightening economic means of circulation. Now if want to save the other operator information and transaction costs in that they use the transaction means "money", the liquidity they produce themselves, they will have to pay the money investors that he desist from his sabotage of the circulation system. The costs caused by this sabotage competence of the investor who, in turn, the producers and consumers that can not be effective without money and "ready" for sale. It but is something else: The costs associated with the liquidity costs are not evenly distributed to all who use the money for their transaction purposes as consumers and producers. Quite the contrary: The more prosperous such consumers and producers already are - the less they are so pre-finance their way to credit inputs (debt) or their consumption (consumer loans) need, the less interest to come to them. The poorer they are, however, the more they have to pay so their production or even their spending on credit, the more they have to deal with loans, the more interest they have to bear. "
Sun took 1990 in Germany 10% the population more in interest than they mainly include the prices paid and 80% were paying more interest than they were. Profiteers of this system with its interest rate margin and the banking system, as the interest margin is a part of interest, the same as that has a compounding effect.
(4) : More precisely, the money flows to where no need is, is either retained for speculative purposes or in a demand + power is demanded interest converted to borrowers that it may lead back to the circulation process.
(5): Source: H. Creutz, the money syndrome, 5 Ed. 2001, Econ-Verlag
(6) : Why is there this huge financial investment?
we determine from the empirical data from 1960 and 2001, growth curve of nominal financial wealth, it follows the shape of an exponential curve of the function
K = K 0 (1 + z) t (compound interest formula; Z = Zinsfuß/100) or K = K 0 e ct with c = ln (1 + z)
Note: Plotting the data in a logarithmic scale, is a straight, a proof that the original function is an exponential function. Log (1 + z) would be the slope of the line.
Thereafter, the annual growth rate of this curve about 9%: This can be interpreted to mean that the financial wealth has grown on a compound with an interest rate of about 9%.
With anderen Worten das Geldvermögen von 6 Billionen Euro ist durch die Zinsdynamik, also durch leistungsloses Einkommen entstanden.
Demgegenüber besteht die gängige Auffassung darin, dass Geldvermögen aufgrund von Sparen des durch eigene Leistung verdienten Geldes entsteht. Die Sparsumme der privaten Haushalte betrug im Jahre 2001 138 Mrd. Euro (lt. Stat. Bundesamt), das sind nur ca. 2% des Geldvermögens. Es darf deswegen bezweifelt werden, dass Sparen das Wachstum des Geldvermögens von ca. 9% hervorruft.
In einer abgeschlossenen Geldwirtschaft führt die Zinsdynamik gesamtwirtschaftlich necessarily lead to growth of the debt and the financial assets of a creditor . This growth could only be avoided if the total power of the creditor, which is made up of the joint debtors to pay the interest, would decrease in exchange of money. Since the total creditors but has no need for the services offered, the interest rate remains as a debt to the total debt, increasing the monetary funds or financial assets of the creditor a .
In reality, the money economy in such a way that the overall economy the money to cover is required (by interest) additional power, is mainly brought about by central bank loans in circulation.
the way, the central bank or the government could stop this growth, adding it would reduce the financial investment in a currency reform on the size of the overall economic performance, namely the GDP. This possibility seems extremely unlikely, but was in the past as the currency reform, implemented after the second world war. In the Middle Ages was the creation of the bracteate an example of the principle of periodic devaluation of money.
a second Law economics in E. Glötzl: the crisis of an aging economy, Linz, Sept. 2001
(7) capitalist forms of property as a result of capitalist money.
The capitalist has money but not only have the means to auszubedingen the value added in the form of interest. He is also the upper hand when it comes to speaking as a donor with a contractor on the conditions a participation to . He can be rights reserved decision, which he did not readily could be enforced, donors would not have the power, the entrepreneur, the medium of communication left to economic or indeed deny. It can largely dictate the conditions to which the others must submit, before he makes them the vital transaction medium. These conditions, which the capitalist can stipulate as a donor, is not only that you must pay interest when one borrows money. This also means that an investor teams up with producers to produce something, the better cards in his hand and can determine the rules under which the game "production" is played in business. The "rules" of production - that the "relations of production" including the proprietary shaped planning powers to the capital of the company. This means, above all, the production of goods under the dictates of profit maximization (M - C - Production - W '- G + MG). This interest is not merely a manifestation of profit. It differs from that in specific dimensions: (1) The interest rate is negotiated first, only then will the money from a risk minimization (collateral) is awarded. In order to achieve a profit that is always fraught with risk, money must first be borrowed and invested. (2) The interest rate may Unlike the profit fall neither theoretically nor practically to zero. (3) The sum of all interest increases proportionally with the investment and capital composition. The sum of all profits goes in this regard, relatively light (tendency of the rate of profit to fall) It is no surprise therefore not at all, that under the conditions of the capitalist money in forms of ownership have been established and codified by law or have been recognized in which the investor has the last word.
(8) G:. Simon, flywheel of the financial crisis in FraRundsch, 4:12:03, 2003, URL: http://www.fr-aktuell.de/uebersicht/alle_dossiers/politik_inland/die_alternative/die_woche_des_geldes/?cnt=351558)
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