Lap Band Ohip Coverage Toronto

digression Marx

Die Bedeutung der Zirkulations- – und Produktionssphäre für die Kapitalismuskritik

Für die meisten Kapitalismuskritiker ist das Privateigentum an den Produktionsmitteln die Grundlage des Kapitalismus und Grund für dessen Profitorientierung. Sie beziehen sich dabei auf Marx. Die Vorgänge in der Zirkulationssphäre werden lediglich als Abbilder dieser Produktionsverhältnisse gesehen.

„ Der Besitzer der Ware Arbeitskraft und der Geldbesitzer begegnen in the market and enter into a relationship to each other as equal owners of commodities you ..... contract as free persons legally equal .... They relate to each other only as owners of commodities and exchange equivalent for equivalent. .. " (Marx: Capital Vol I, p. 182 - 190, quoted in George Otto, why Marxism had failed, Green Series, 1991.)

here as a commodity, money is set equal to labor power (equivalent) . Money is a neutral mediating the economic process asset. In this respect, the criticism is to be found exclusively in production. As the owner of scarce economic good means of production, the capitalist is in a position to landless workers zu erpressen, um sich den von ihm erzeugten Mehrwert anzueignen. Die Entstehung und Aneignung des Mehrwertes lässt sich wie folgt erklären:

Der Unternehmer als Eigentümer der Produktionsmittel bezahlt den Arbeiter für z.B. 8 Stunden Arbeit. Dabei kauft er dessen Arbeitskraft zu einem Wert (Lohn), der durch die Reproduktionskosten der Arbeitskraft bestimmt wird. Dies ist die nötige Warenmenge, um den Arbeiter einen Tag arbeitsfähig zu erhalten. Beispielsweise reichen dazu 4 Stunden Arbeit. Der Unternehmer benutzt bzw. gebraucht aber diese Arbeitskraft 8 Stunden lang. Der Gebrauchswert der Arbeitskraft ist also größer als sein Tauschwert (Lohn gegen Arbeitskraft). So entsteht first a quantity of goods that may be twice as large as the true amount needed to maintain the work force. When selling those quantities in the market may generate a value that is twice as large as the value of maintaining work force. The difference is the added value retained by the contractor. The sale of goods and thus the value realization but must be enforced against other players as competitors. This leads to the profit orientation of the entire production process (production + recovery), because otherwise the goods suppliers are squeezed from the market, sitting on his goods would remain, thereby limiting the production and workers would have to dismiss. This profit orientation - The focus on "more" - passes over the target, production in response to societal needs, organize, leads to alienation of man from its products. Also, private ownership of productive assets in the hands of workers would not change this situation. So it is logical to abolish the private ownership of means of production and the market altogether in order to overcome this rejection.

At this assessment, which relies on Marx's criticism of the Socialists appointed to Freiwirtschaftler. They argue that the production of goods given for the market already for centuries and this was initially not for profit orientation of economic activity resulted. It was the perfection of the monetary system, the occurrence and the accumulation of money capital facilitated this development. Money can be hoarded in contrast to all other goods (hoarding), this shortage and the economic cycle to be withdrawn as a necessary means of exchange. With the other properties of the repartee (bargain purchase) and the transport capacity, it just is not equivalent to other goods. The possibility of hoarding distinguishes the money owners, justified its special position of power, but which must be protected by the state. Moreover, this has been what Marx saw, but the appropriate conclusions from it denied, and even fought (see George Otto, why Marxism had failed, Green Series, 1991)

How does from this position of power?

The owner of money can be the input of the benefits of cash holdings (Hortungsfähigkeit, wit, portability), so that production resources can be acquired by paying the interest. The contractor must produce profit because of this interest payment, otherwise it goes into bankruptcy. If, however, financial capital free of interest available is the purchase of production means easier and reduces the possibility of blackmailing businessman towards the wage earners, the added value appropriation disappears, the profit goes to zero. (See also Jürgen Probst, failures of an interest rate economy, 2.Auflg. In 1998, self-Verlag, Hannover, Note 1)

is indisputable for all critics of capitalism, that the value added by labor, arises therefore in production. The Freiwirtschaftler accuse the Marxists that they are blind to the events in the sphere of circulation and see their consequences for the sphere of production do not especially not between money holders (Geldkapital) und Unternehmern (Besitzer von Sachkapital) unterschieden. Produktionsmittel (Sachkapital) und alle anderen am Wirtschaftsprozess beteiligten Größen müssen durch den Einsatz von Geldkapital erworben werden. Auch Marx spricht immer wieder vom Geldbesitzer: „ Der Geldbesitzer hat den Tageswert der Arbeitskraft gezahlt, ihm gehört daher ihr Gebrauch während des ganzen Tages. ...“. Danach ist der Unternehmer zunächst Geldbesitzer, um dann später in der Produktion Eigentümer von Produktionsmittel zu sein. Doch in der modernen kapitalistischen Wirtschaft sind Unternehmer nicht so sehr Eigentümer von Produktionsmitteln, sondern eher deren Besitzer, die zwar über die Verwendung von Produktionsmitteln bzw. Mehrwert bestimmen können, aber die eigentlichen Eigentümer die Geldbesitzer sind, die ihnen das Geld als Kredit zum Erwerb von Produktionsmittel , von Material, Gebäuden und Arbeitskraft geliehen haben. Deutsche Unternehmer haben in der Regel 60 bis 80% ihres Unternehmens mit Fremdmittel finanziert. Sichtbar wird dieser Eigentümer dann, wenn das Unternehmen die Zinsen nicht mehr zahlen kann und das Eigentum im Konkurs eingefordert wird.

Der Geldgeber – Geldkapitalist - bestimmt die Regeln, nach denen das Spiel "Produktion" in Unternehmen gespielt wird. Die "Spielregeln" der Produktion: das sind nicht nur die Zinsforderungen - das sind die "Produktionsverhältnisse" including proprietary shaped disposition powers of capital in the company. ie mainly the production of goods under the dictates of profit maximization as it is sanctioned by the government lending money

This interest is not merely a manifestation of profit. It differs from this especially true:

(1) Interest is first negotiated, only then will the money from a risk minimization (collateral) is awarded. In order to achieve a profit that is always fraught with risk, money must first be borrowed and invested.

(2) interest, in contrast to profit both theoretically and practically fall to zero.

(3) The sum of all interest increases proportionally with the investment and capital composition. The sum of all profits goes fairly in this regard back (Keynes: diminishing ability of the invested capital)

Not surprisingly therefore, not at all, that under the conditions of the capitalist money in forms of ownership have been established and codified by law or recognized, or for which the money capital has the last word.

It has to be questioned in particular, whether greed is settled after more in production, which is as profit maximization necessarily derive from market transactions. It is quite conceivable that a contractor satisfied with his assurance 'income with a zero rate of return is. Of course, the conflict of interests between owners of means of production and the workers at these means of production can not be denied, neither can that one's obsolete commodity production are being replaced by more effective. Socialists see in this conflict of interest at the heart of the problem of the capitalist mode of production: As long as people are separated from their living and production base, the means of production, they are blackmailed and would to submit to the objectives of the owners. It would not sfragen distribution or sfragen settlement - but the basics of production had ever criticize and to question.

Says Bernd Senf (cash flow and the real economy ...., script on the website www.berndsenf.de, 2002): considered Marxist, would be overcome with .. ". of the problems in the sphere of circulation "... the contradiction between wage labor and capital ...... - Not overcome. But if the pressure of money-capital to the rest of society - including to the entrepreneurial capitalists - Has become the dominant conflict is, then should not the solution to this conflict come first, without having to be displaced because of other conflicts? "

is also considered that was abolished in the great painful experiment of real socialism, private ownership of means of production and the market, but not the exploitation of man by man, by the capitalism state capitalism was preserved.

tendency for Rate of profit

The tendency of the rate of profit is for Marxists Eckfeiler for the explanation of capitalist crises. The rate of profit is derived from the ratio of surplus value to the used in production on assets, the value is determined by the difference between the one working a total of values \u200b\u200bproduced and the values \u200b\u200bthat are to receive the work force needed. The total capital is here only of the constant capital (cost of production equipment and materials) and variable capital ((wage costs combined). The tendency of the rate of profit results from the fact that in the struggle for the profit (return) the total capital by increasing of constant capital (investment) is increased, bringing the ratio of value added to total capital - the rate of profit - will "tend to be" humiliated. The tendency is, this is about the evolution of the average rate of profit. This initially plausible claim is illustrated by an example would that relies on Marx and Marxism from a Nick Beams on the World Socialist Web Site ( http://www.wsws.org/de/korres/korres.shtml ) as a letter to the editor on 04.04.2000 under the title "The falling rate of profit" was:

The rate of profit is derived from the ratio of the added value to the total capital used in production. If the total capital is set such as 100, consisting of constant capital in the order of 80 and variable capital of 20, and also the added value rate is 100 percent, which means that the production process produces a value of 20, then the profit rate 20 / 100 or 20 percent.

The tendency of the rate of profit results from the fact that with increasing labor productivity, the proportion of constant capital in the production process is growing. That is, the proportion of living labor is supplied in proportion to the means of production, it begins to move downward trend. Da jedoch die lebendige Arbeit die einzige Quelle des Mehrwerts darstellt, folgt daraus, dass die Profitrate, die sich aus dem Verhältnis zum eingesetzten Gesamtkapital errechnet, tendenziell ebenfalls sinkt.

Nehmen wir ein Kapital von 200, bestehend aus konstantem Kapital von 180 und variablem Kapital von 20. Bei einer Mehrwertrate von 100 Prozent, die einem Mehrwert von 20 entspricht, haben wir bei diesem Kapital eine Profitrate von 20/200 bzw. 10 Prozent.

Die an diesem Beispiel verdeutlichte Behauptung vom tendenziellen Fall der Profitrate, setzt voraus, dass der Mehrwert konstant bleibt. Kompliziert werden jedoch die Verhältnisse, wenn durch Investition, d.h. durch Sachkapitalvergrößerung, sowohl die notwendige Arbeit (variables Kapitals) verkleinert als auch der Mehrwert durch einen größeren Warenausstoß (Produktivitätsfortschritt aufgrund der Investition) erhöht wird. Insbesondere werden die Verwertungszusammenhänge nicht sorgfältig analysiert.

Zunächst entsteht ja auf der Produktionsseite ein Mehr an Waren, deren Wert erst am Markt bestimmt wird. Auch der Mehrwert hat seine Entsprechung in der Warenproduktion. Es sind wiederum hauptsächlich die Lohnbezieher, repräsentiert durch das variable Kapital, die die Werte bestimmen. Einfacher ausgedrückt: Die Lohnabhängigen kaufen the goods they produce, even with the wages they receive for their work. But what happens to the goods produced beyond? Who buys them? (See Note 1). More about how it is to be converted into value goods? There are two possibilities:

first by the larger range of goods, prices go down, on average, the workers can buy more. Or the workers receive a higher wage, and can thus buy more goods, it means that your own on More on the goods. The added value will be transferred to the workers.

second A part of the greater range of goods is in the demand for capital goods. There is an increase in the capital goods prices. Means of production, materials would cost the investing business more, increase its capital is constant at the expense of the added value first. On the side of the capital goods production would increase by the higher prices but the added value. It is difficult to estimate and need detailed analysis, in which direction would be to exploit the multi-develop products for added value. The developments of the profit rate is difficult to predict. It depends on the Marktverhältnissen, der Verwertungsebene ab.

An dieser Stelle wird sichtbar, wie wichtig die Vorgänge auf der Verwertungsebene, die man auch Zirkulationssphäre nennen könnte, für die Profitentstehung sind.

Für beide Fälle gilt aber, dass irgendwann die Bedürfnisse für eine Warenkauf gesättigt sind und der Verwertungsprozess stoppt. Keynes spricht dann von einer langfristig abnehmenden Grenzleistungsfähigkeit des Investitions- Kapitals, nämlich die Fähigkeit, Rendite zu erbringen. Dieser Begriff beschreibt auf diesem Erklärungshintergrund viel klarer die Probleme einer kapitalistischen Wirtschaft als der Begriff vom tendenziellen Fall der Profitrate, weil er die Vorgänge in der Zirkulationssphäre stärker einbezieht. Das die Warenzirkulation erst ermöglichende Geldsystem kommt dadurch stärker in die Analyse als bei Marxisten.

In dem oben erwähnten Artikel von Nick Beams über den Fall der Profitrate kommt es deswegen auch zu Widersprüchen. Dort heißt es:

Mit anderen Worten, während die technologische Entwicklung den Anteil des konstanten Kapitals steigert und damit die Durchschnittsprofitrate senkt, erhöht sie gleichzeitig auch den erzielten Mehrwert und führt damit tendenziell zu einer höheren Profitrate. Wenn die Steigerung der Mehrarbeit hinreichend groß ist, the case can hold up the rate of profit or even reversed.

It is this argument even use today's economists, if they have a continuous economic growth at a high level of demand in order to avoid or overcome crises.

He also referred to the law of the tendency of the rate of profit as the only scientific explanation of the basis for the economic post-war boom and its end: led

The development and dissemination of assembly line production throughout the capitalist world during the period after the war to an enormous increase in labor productivity. That is, these approaches resulted in a significant reduction of the necessary means of working with a higher added value. could

This statement overlooks the fact that the war was a huge destruction of capital and the power of capital to generate returns at a high level to start again. The interpretation of Keynes to fit better. The increase in labor productivity is the explanation for the postwar boom. The ability to provide a capitalist economy with low capital accumulation due to strong demand for commodities high return is the other.

Note 1 to "Downward trend Falling rate of profit) (Probst p. 15)

... the power comes from the desirability of the goods produced, they are not popular, however, can - to put it bluntly - nail "the capital of a pre-production resources knee ....

Weird Facts About The Number 11

New Economy: Models (2)

model for the representation of business transactions in the money economy (2)

possession of money

liquidity value

money in comparison to any goods without Kosten transportiert und bei nächster oder günstiger Gelegenheit ( Schnäppchensituation ) gegen eine Leistung entsprechend dem Tauschwert des Geldes eingetauscht werden ( Schlagfertigkeit des Geldes ). Bei einem Warentausch ohne Geld wäre das alles viel schwieriger. Geld macht den Waren- bzw. Leistungsaustausch zwischen Wirtschaftsteilnehmern flüssiger. (Liquidität). Diese Werte – Schlagfertigkeit , geringe Transportkosten ( Allokationskosten ) - werden als Liquiditätswert des Geldes bezeichnet, den das Geld durch gemeinsame Übereinkunft der Wirtschaftsteilnehmer und durch die Aufsicht des Staates erhält.

Es ist also ein Wert resulting from joint efforts with respect to Community rules. It is not a private performance by an individual's accrued value. While he makes the circulation is not noticeable, but only if one holds back money when you save.

Who saves money, that holds back the means of circulation, because it is eg due care in the piggy infected or maintains speculative cash (liquidity preference ), interferes with the circulation process, and thus the economic process.

This restraint possibility draws money from other goods from the rest. It is shown here next to the function as a means of circulation, a second function, namely as store of value, asset .

power relations

With the possibility of restraint or justify keeping savings but also power relations, in a monetary economy than in a pure barter economy.

In a barter economy can save in two ways either by decreasing or it does not produce any goods for others and self-consumed. The saver is so out of the economic process.

can be saved in a way In a money economy, on the purchase of goods or services (buyer position). Does not need the buyer that product or service, for example because it has enough, he is against the producers - the seller - in a position of power, because this money is needed to pay such debts or to buy goods which he needs urgently. The producer only receives money from the owner money, if it produced its performance also decreases. ( s. 1 )

Generally speaking, in the society have the money property owners a special relation of power over the have-nots. In this situation there are some operators such as the wage earners in a similar situation, for these allerdings weniger dramatisch, als für die Lohnabhängigen. Die Unternehmer müssen ihre Ware absetzen, um u.U. Geld zur Kreditzurückzahlung zu erhalten, die Lohnabhängigen können nur ihre Arbeitskraft anbieten, um Geld für ihren Lebensunterhalt zu verdienen. ( s. 1 ). Trotz seiner Verschuldung besitzt der Unternehmer immerhin noch die Produktionsmittel, die ihn in die Lage versetzen, leistungsloses Einkommen zu erzielen (Mehrwert/Profit) und er kann die Kapitalkosten über die Preise den Konsumenten aufbürden.

Zins als Allokationsmittel

Welche Möglichkeiten gibt es, Geld wieder in Zirkulation zu bringen, um ein Erliegen to prevent the economic process?

Realized is a reward system: Interest .

Interest is the price that the owner of money lent his money to a debtor, who runs it is usually through consumption or investment in the circulation. He is rewarded by the interest, because it the liquidity of money (cash value ) and thus gives up his position of power. The Liquidäswert, the owner attaches to the money the money is, by today's experiences on average about 2% of the amount of money lent. Including the interest rate will not decrease.

is repaid the loan plus interest, the creditor has more power or return value, obtained as he has spent himself for the borrowed money, at least the cash value ( s. 2). He has received more money without power, added value. The appropriated cash value is not the result of his performance, but by the general public. This demand for value the debtor as a producer in the form of a multi-service delivery, unless he can pass on these claims - the compulsion to economic growth is inevitable. Ultimately, the demands are stuck where the economically most powerful position that underlies it is because there is consumption existentially necessary for wage earners. This has nothing but his labor (See above). The renowned, died early constitutional D. Suhr called it in his study of our monetary system (D. Suhr: Capitalism as a monetary system, Campus Verlag 1988), the "asymmetry of sale and purchase" (s. 1 )

The ability to withhold money and demand is interest, there is greatest where the basis of property is still little consumer demand. Here you are also able to retain that money for so long, or otherwise use (speculation, transfer into the financial market) until the cash value of the interest has exceeded again. to make

This principle more money from money was already at the beginning of capitalism. It was the dealer proceeded the way and still proceed: With money, they bought goods regardless of their own goods need to sell them back at a profit:

G --- --- G + W MG . Historically, gathered first by many goods (houses) and finally to perfect the system money money (money capital) are privately owned. This was fundamental for the creation of factories and then for businesses in general. This position G - W-G + MG has determined the whole economic process and determined it today. It was and is die notwendige Vergabe von zinsbedingten Krediten an Unternehmen zur besonderen Notwendigkeit der gewinnorientierten Produktion.

Durch die Möglichkeit des Geldbesitzers Zins, einzunehmen, wird seine Machtposition immer stärker, wächst sein Geldguthaben und damit seine Forderung nach Geld, und zwar im Prinzip exponentiell, auf jeden Fall stärker als linear. Die Position des Schuldners wird immer schwächer und damit seine Fähigkeit zur Schuldentilgung, bis er schließlich Konkurs anmelden muss. Der Zusammenbruch von verschuldeten Unternehmen – die wirtschaftliche Krise – verhindert insgesamt aber, dass die Nachfrage (die Knappheit) nach dem Zirkulationsmittel Geld abnimmt, da ja die Nachfrage nach Leistungen und Waren nicht verschwindet, eher noch zunimmt. Die Möglichkeit der Zinsforderung bleibt durch dies Knappheit erhalten. ( s. 3 )

Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden: das Zinssystem in der Geldwirtschaft sorgt dafür, dass das Geld – der Vermittler des Leistungsaustausches – dort hinfließt und konzentriert wird, wo kein Bedarf ist - zu den konsumgesättigten Besitzenden – und dort in zunehmenden Maße fehlt, wo es zum Leistungsaustausch benötigt wird – die Masse der Nichtbesitzenden ( s. 4 ). Je älter die Volkswirtschaft wird, desto dramatischer wird diese Situation. Die Geldguthaben, d.h. die Forderungen nach Geld werden immer größer und konzentrieren sich in den Händen Weniger und der Schuldenberg der Produzenten wird immer größer.

Würden die Geldguthabenbesitzer ihre Forderungen in Leistungen umtauschen, könnte der Schuldenberg abgebaut werden, weil es ja genug Leistungswillige (Arbeitslose) gibt. Die Wenigen haben aber keinen Bedarf nach Leistungen, weil sie schon alles besitzen. Von 1950 bis 2001 stieg das Geldvermögen in der BRD von ca. 30 Milliarden Euro auf 6 Billionen Euro nominal bzw. 1,2 Billionen real. Dieses Geldvermögen ist ausgesprochen unsymmetrisch. Laut ARD Tagesschau vom 02.03.2005 besaßen 20% der Bevölkerung 2/3 des Geldvermögens.. Im Jahre 2001 standen dem Geldvermögen

6 Billionen Euro Schulden gegenüber, die sich zu ca. 70% auf die Unternehmen, zu 20 % auf den Staat und zu 5 % auf Private verteilen ( s. 5 u. 6 ).

Das ist die Erklärung dafür, dass heute einem Heer von Leistungsanbietern – 5 Millionen Arbeitslose – ein großer Bedarf an Leistungen im privaten und staatlichen Bereich gegenübersteht, ohne dass die beiden Seiten zusammenkommen, weil Geld von denen gefordert wird, die es nicht nötig haben und es dort fehlt, wo es nötig ist. ( s. 7 )

Eine wichtige Ursache für diese Fehlleitung liegt in dem Belohnungssystem der Zinsnahme.

Welche andere Möglichkeit gibt es, Geld wieder in Zirkulation zu bringen, damit es seine eigentlich wirtschaftlich bedeutende Funktion, der Vermittlung zwischen Bedarf und Leistung ausüben kann?

Lösung

Die wirtschaftlich Handelnden versuchen, die Lösung des Problems in der Produktionssphäre zu finden. Sowohl Kapitalismusvertreter als auch ihre Kritiker von den Gewerkschaftlern bis zu den Sozialisten klammern sich dabei an den Antagonismus zwischen Arbeitgebern (Produktionsmittelbesitzer) und Arbeitnehmern (die eigentl. Ihre Arbeit geben). Die einen preisen die Rendite (den Profit) als Menschheitsbeglücker und Naturereignis, die anderen verdammen die Profitgier. Die einen fordern Entlastung auf der Angebotsseite (Neoliberalismus), die anderen Stärkung der Nachfrage (Keynes).

Beide bemerken nicht, wie das Finanzkapital ihnen diese Bedingungen mit der Formel, aus Geld mehr Geld zu machen ( Geld – Ware – Geld + M ehr Geld), diktiert. Sie merken gar nicht, vor allem die Unternehmer des Mittelstandes nicht, dass beide, Unternehmer und Workers in the same boat. They bemoan the national debt and forget their own debts. The state has retreated from the responsibility for the circulation period (monetary stability) and transfer of the Federal Reserve, desperately trying to insufficiently effective instruments to regulate the money supply and money velocity in terms of stability.

all ignore the problems in the circulation phase.

This ignorance, however, be seen in the sphere of circulation, a systemic problem prevents finding solutions

Let us recall once again the Before - and After share of the money, and the associated interest rate for an economy:

money represents an unfinished exchange transaction

advantage transport function

· The money economy is the basis for a modern division of labor economy and a prerequisite for economic Progress. The task of the money (= cash + deposit money) is to exchange processes in space and time break.

· are in an advanced monetary economy while the debt (loans) and the mirror image resulting cash balances (= demand for money) the function of these exchanges long break, meaning they are conditions for the possibility of investment.

· Like money speeds up the product cycle beschleunigen die Schulden/ Geldguthabenverhältnisse den Geldkreislauf.

Vorteil : Wertaufbewahrungsfunktion: Geld kann wegen seiner in Relation zu anderen Waren großen Dauerhaftigkeit zur Wertaufbewahrung benutzt werden.

Nachteil : Das Geld, als Wertaufbewahrung benutzt, wird dem Wirtschaftskreislauf entzogen . Diese Zurückhaltung hemmt diesen Kreislauf bis zum Zusammenbruch.

Zins is the demand for more money . It must have between and borrowing rates are distinguished.

Deposit rates:

· desired function the maintenance of the cash cycle. The credit rate is the incentive for that money if it is not passed by purchase transactions, by lending the money Reislaufen comes and withdrawn so that NOT by hoarding (holding real cash balances ") is.

· unerwünschte Funktion: Positive Habenzinsen führen zu positiven Rückkopplung, exponentiellen Wachstum und damit langfristig zwingend zu Destabilisierung von Ökonomie, Politik, Ökologie und Sozialbereich. ( HAUPTPROBLEM!)

Sollzinsen:

· erwünschte Funktion: sparsamer Umgang mit knappen Ressourcen. Gäbe there are no interest charges, would anyone may arbitrarily borrow money or it would have to credit the distribution to the elimination of a market to be rationed.

· undesirable function: results because of the discounting of future cash flows, a systematic devaluation of the future, with consequent problems for the ecology and for the careful use of resources.

Therefore, the solution of the problem nur in einer derartigen Modifizierung des Geldsystems liegen, dass die erwünschten Funktionen erhalten bleiben und die unerwünschten Auswirkungen vermieden werden.

Hier muss der Diskurs geführt werden!

Eine langfristig wirksame und nachhaltige Therapie kann nur in Maßnahmen liegen, die verhindern, dass Guthaben und Kapitaleinkommen rascher wachsen als das BSP, dass also insgesamt durch Besitz von knappen gesellschaftlich nötigen Gütern, im großen Stil leistungsloses Einkommen erzielt wird.

Das kann sein :

• taxing capital assets
• taxing capital gains
• taxation cash
• taxes in the nature of the Tobin tax, or taxation of financial transfer)
• periodic debt relief, particularly from government (to s. 8 )

comments and References

(1 ) : D. Suhr: Capitalism as a monetary system, Campus Verlag, 1988, p. 15:

. ... But more importantly .. to observe the different position of power (the author) has in each individual, small business, money and goods, in the face, the money-owning buyer and the seller's own product or work. In all these shops shows to a asymmetry. (.. Suhr 1983, p. 22ff; timer / Godschalk 1986 S.28ff) you depends together with two money characteristics: First, with the optimal exchangeability of money that results from its general equivalent form devoted to second, so that the owner of money as a "hoarder" is free with his money as buyer spending, but to withhold ("naive" hoarding) or capital purposes (capitalist "hoarding" with value generation )........

In place of the "identical" and symmetrical exchange process of the exchange economy, the asymmetric structure of sale and purchase: The buyer can buy when he wants and he does not need to buy immediately, if he himself has sold . The seller, however, left with his labor or goods, and for no longer popular with the owner of money, or not to buy yet. He who is not his work or product get rid of, because it depends on it from the sales will of the owner of money, - who especially his own work can not sell a commodity that can not subsequently occur as a buyer: can not take the Food and Means of production, obtain he needs to live, work, produce and consume ................

This power of money is not the power of the seller of immovable goods, or work with, but also that of the buyer, the moving of money in his hand. And it is the power of the investor who has the money to the power of others to make sales. Who is rich in the society, which can typically move into the role of money the owner and buyer. Whoever sees the other hand, typically referred repeatedly to the role of the seller? The answer is simple: Those who live by his work must, must sell his work as the product has, therefore, the worse the economic goods-card game in hand. Conversely, those who use any of its assets must not itself, the silver and they can make money: He has a share in "social monopoly" of the "universal equivalent" money, by means of which the "social power", "private power" is. If it is true that no one can sell without a purchase, but no one has to buy just because he has already sold: then the buyer is sitting with his money, in fact, more leverage, - is then conceivable that he could exploit the situation to strike out more than an equivalent, - is it possible that the seller of the commodity "labor power" gets less than one equivalent. For he who sits at the longer lever to exert more pressure. He has the greater bargaining power, while the other is under negotiation pressure. Sun comes into an unlikely business, which can act out the money owner a higher price than the price under equilibrium conditions.

(2) : To explain and defend the claim for interest is often argued that all calling for loan-employment agencies and rental of machinery. Der Vorteil von Geldbesitzern gegenüber diesen Maschinenbesitzern besteht darin, dass Geldbesitz kaum der Abschreibung und Abnutzung unterliegt. Außerdem ist Geld universell einsetzbar und der Bedarf danach hängt nicht von speziellen Verwertungswünschen ab, wie etw. beim Rasenmähen.

(3) : D. Suhr, ebenda

„.......Wer die Zirkulation stört, der liefert negative Beiträge zur Produktion der Liquidität. Das kann man auch so ausdrücken: Er verursacht gesellschaftliche Kosten. Während also der Kassehalter enjoys the benefits of liquidity, it also produces cost to the other , in the shape that it required them to tightening economic means of circulation. Now if want to save the other operator information and transaction costs in that they use the transaction means "money", the liquidity they produce themselves, they will have to pay the money investors that he desist from his sabotage of the circulation system. The costs caused by this sabotage competence of the investor who, in turn, the producers and consumers that can not be effective without money and "ready" for sale. It but is something else: The costs associated with the liquidity costs are not evenly distributed to all who use the money for their transaction purposes as consumers and producers. Quite the contrary: The more prosperous such consumers and producers already are - the less they are so pre-finance their way to credit inputs (debt) or their consumption (consumer loans) need, the less interest to come to them. The poorer they are, however, the more they have to pay so their production or even their spending on credit, the more they have to deal with loans, the more interest they have to bear. "
Sun took 1990 in Germany 10% the population more in interest than they mainly include the prices paid and 80% were paying more interest than they were. Profiteers of this system with its interest rate margin and the banking system, as the interest margin is a part of interest, the same as that has a compounding effect.

(4) : More precisely, the money flows to where no need is, is either retained for speculative purposes or in a demand + power is demanded interest converted to borrowers that it may lead back to the circulation process.

(5): Source: H. Creutz, the money syndrome, 5 Ed. 2001, Econ-Verlag

(6) : Why is there this huge financial investment?

we determine from the empirical data from 1960 and 2001, growth curve of nominal financial wealth, it follows the shape of an exponential curve of the function

K = K ₀ (1 + z) ^t (compound interest formula; Z = Zinsfuß/100) or K = K 0 e ct with c = ln (1 + z)

Note: Plotting the data in a logarithmic scale, is a straight, a proof that the original function is an exponential function. Log (1 + z) would be the slope of the line.

Thereafter, the annual growth rate of this curve about 9%: This can be interpreted to mean that the financial wealth has grown on a compound with an interest rate of about 9%.

With anderen Worten das Geldvermögen von 6 Billionen Euro ist durch die Zinsdynamik, also durch leistungsloses Einkommen entstanden.

Demgegenüber besteht die gängige Auffassung darin, dass Geldvermögen aufgrund von Sparen des durch eigene Leistung verdienten Geldes entsteht. Die Sparsumme der privaten Haushalte betrug im Jahre 2001 138 Mrd. Euro (lt. Stat. Bundesamt), das sind nur ca. 2% des Geldvermögens. Es darf deswegen bezweifelt werden, dass Sparen das Wachstum des Geldvermögens von ca. 9% hervorruft.

In einer abgeschlossenen Geldwirtschaft führt die Zinsdynamik gesamtwirtschaftlich necessarily lead to growth of the debt and the financial assets of a creditor . This growth could only be avoided if the total power of the creditor, which is made up of the joint debtors to pay the interest, would decrease in exchange of money. Since the total creditors but has no need for the services offered, the interest rate remains as a debt to the total debt, increasing the monetary funds or financial assets of the creditor ^a .

In reality, the money economy in such a way that the overall economy the money to cover is required (by interest) additional power, is mainly brought about by central bank loans in circulation.

the way, the central bank or the government could stop this growth, adding it would reduce the financial investment in a currency reform on the size of the overall economic performance, namely the GDP. This possibility seems extremely unlikely, but was in the past as the currency reform, implemented after the second world war. In the Middle Ages was the creation of the bracteate an example of the principle of periodic devaluation of money.

^a second Law economics in E. Glötzl: the crisis of an aging economy, Linz, Sept. 2001

(7) capitalist forms of property as a result of capitalist money.

The capitalist has money but not only have the means to auszubedingen the value added in the form of interest. He is also the upper hand when it comes to speaking as a donor with a contractor on the conditions a participation to . He can be rights reserved decision, which he did not readily could be enforced, donors would not have the power, the entrepreneur, the medium of communication left to economic or indeed deny. It can largely dictate the conditions to which the others must submit, before he makes them the vital transaction medium. These conditions, which the capitalist can stipulate as a donor, is not only that you must pay interest when one borrows money. This also means that an investor teams up with producers to produce something, the better cards in his hand and can determine the rules under which the game "production" is played in business. The "rules" of production - that the "relations of production" including the proprietary shaped planning powers to the capital of the company. This means, above all, the production of goods under the dictates of profit maximization (M - C - Production - W '- G + MG). This interest is not merely a manifestation of profit. It differs from that in specific dimensions: (1) The interest rate is negotiated first, only then will the money from a risk minimization (collateral) is awarded. In order to achieve a profit that is always fraught with risk, money must first be borrowed and invested. (2) The interest rate may Unlike the profit fall neither theoretically nor practically to zero. (3) The sum of all interest increases proportionally with the investment and capital composition. The sum of all profits goes in this regard, relatively light (tendency of the rate of profit to fall) It is no surprise therefore not at all, that under the conditions of the capitalist money in forms of ownership have been established and codified by law or have been recognized in which the investor has the last word.

(8) G:. Simon, flywheel of the financial crisis in FraRundsch, 4:12:03, 2003, URL: http://www.fr-aktuell.de/uebersicht/alle_dossiers/politik_inland/die_alternative/die_woche_des_geldes/?cnt=351558)

How To Change Valve On Prestige

Goetz Werner income for all?

criticism of the model by Goetz Werner "Income for All

(Unconditional Basic income, BGE)

What makes the Werner model, the proposal to increase the share of income from the consumption tax is to be financed, while doing away with all the earnings and income taxes.

What happens to an economy where the income or the income from the production

(thanks to the much talked of Werner generated by investment rationalization) to

less and less shoulders will be distributed?

Werner misunderstands how our monetary system:

money is fed in principle on debt for companies and the state in the economic system. Ultimately, the entrepreneur to pay wages and capital costs to the involved in the production process. On the consumption (purchase of goods = withdrawal of benefits), the money ends up back the company that can service the debt and that debt costs. Which is the business cycle: money flows in one direction and services to the other.

But if the dwindling number of buyers in this cycle, more and more drop out of the production process, who then takes the goods, so that the contractor pay its costs and its can realize profit in money?

is Werner's solution is that all receive a basic income, with the overhang of these services by the market is cleared. But where does the money for the basic income of those who dropped out of the production process? From the taxation of their own consumption? This is so, would undergo a Munchausen by his own bootstraps. It can not come from the consumption tax in the production process involved, since they would then remove a few articles (see Supplement, calculation)

1. Realistically, muss jemand für dieses Grundeinkommen als Vorschuss Schulden aufnehmen, z.B. der Staat. Durch den Konsum werden dann zwar die ursprünglichen Schulden zurückgeführt, aber es bleibt ein Teil stehen, der durch die fälligen Zinsen erwachsen ist. Das Geldvermögen der Geldbesitzer steigt. Die Volkswirtschaft geht in die Schuldenfalle. ( Schon jetzt existieren in Deutschland 6 Billionen € Schulden, denen die gleich große Summe von Geldvermögen gegenüber stehen. Etwa 70 % dieser Schulden fallen auf die Unternehmen und 25 % auf den Staat ).
2. Oder die Geldbesitzer werden zur Kasse gebeten, bzw. besteuert, auch alle jene, die aufgrund von Besitz leistungsloses Income-related, and those with incomes size beyond a reasonable performance ratio is (the Ackermann). remain
3. Or the goods are that the companies go bankrupt, the economy shrinks. There is the familiar economic valleys to the collapse of the economic system (Argentina).

Ultimately, you will not be able to avoid asking the question of distribution in order to use the basic income to the mass of customers - the working-age population - to participate in the productivity growth of the economy (case 2). It is the models for an unconditional basic income (BGE) will be judged.

additions

argument for a consumption tax (Werner-model)

The main argument for a consumption tax sounds in the book by Götz Werner "income for all "as follows (the numbers the passages quoted refer to pages of this book ):

money is a kind of depot for future consideration. Someone has done something, it still awaits the return - this is by maintaining of money, income / revenue, notes. The social value of service and return is completed only when the power drawn by a purchase with this money. If now the income or taxable income, so we loaded the performance review, it paralyzes the willingness for such services. Taxing power consumption - the consumption tax - would be accepted more readily. Compared to the income tax they would be less bureaucratic, more environmentally friendly, to differentiate more easily and more equitable, with the rich loaded with luxury goods and the mass of the population could be relieved by low taxation of the daily requirement.

(> " The" strong shoulders <<>> up <<> below <<> ", 212) Despite the correct approaches to the character of the financial system, on the necessity of social equality), he misunderstands the dynamics of our money and capital system. He's an entrepreneur is essentially a business perspective. He sees that the economic values \u200b\u200bof human performance and ultimately work arise ("D he probably most effective form of clustered, socially organized human power, is the entrepreneurial capital" 178, or " Real values \u200b\u200boccur only in production or services useful " 156 or understand " one economy so as a permanent process of Füreinanderleistens .. . 177) but he treats capital income and earned income equivalent (" The basic income, we let the people work ..... With the consumption tax, we have the capital to work in peace. " 178). As an entrepreneur, he can not break away from the business perspective. In operation, investment income, capital and labor income are equivalent cost factors so far cost of production (capital said some preferred as is preferred to operate in bankruptcy ). Therefore, the common idea that capital and labor, production factors.

The Werner model - social background of his analysis

In his book "Income for All" provides very Werner insightful arguments for the need for a basic income. First, he debunks the myth that economic growth creates jobs necessarily. Unfortunately, he does not address the fact that the common definition of economic growth as the percentage growth of the existing volume, so can not work because it leads to an exponential growth. Exponential growth can not afford a real economic system of this world. In nature it occurs as a parasitic growth that regularly destroys his own existence.

He is committed to the social function of individual performance (177). He turns therefore to the unilateral appropriation of these common values \u200b\u200bgenerated and is consequently the distribution issues. An extreme imbalance in the distribution of economic power leads to economic crisis. However, he is the vision of participation of all the productivity gain and the liberation from the bondage of serfdom.

Very well, he also describes the function of money << as a lubricant for the production and exchange of products and services >> (55), the store is very easy to give and to transfer, and interest is. There was an error << that money had a value in itself. Basically, in pure monetary transaction created so actually nothing at all. Real values \u200b\u200boccur only in production or services useful >> (156). Very true, the function of enterprises in a bid to counter and goods circulation described: Company << people with money .... we trace the value of any business .. backward, then dissolves its entire investment in income ... (176) << the responsibility of companies to the people with goods and services and also to provide them with income is>> Central to its disposition of real income, << what is actually consumed >> (53) and thus refers to as other consumer goods, and nominal income (money), which is obtained by applying for other benefits. The << Desire for real income has limitations, because the natural human needs are limited. In contrast, the urge seems to nominal income, the greed, limitless .>> (153) << The capital thus seems to be only for their own hunger to care. Sustainability is alien to him >> (159) He sees in our economic system, with four so-called cardinal sins: << The first is that we regard money as a commodity, the second ... the land ...., third .... Companies ... and the fourth ... work >> (163). The combination of money - capital - and describes production he said:

<< The accumulation of money, so the accumulation of capital, expands the possibilities of producing something for others or to afford. And if only because the entrepreneur while his investment - the so mostly everything is strange, as equity - interest has, he needs the "profit" >> (154)

calculation of the unconditional. Basic income (BGE) to Werner

assumptions

• I take a macroeconomic Trade (GDP) of 100 units of goods (WE) on.
• for producing this WE to the advanced cost of 2000 monetary unit (GE) due to be recorded in the production process involved (LE) and revenue (income).
• The 100 flats are approximately 29% value-added tax (consumption tax rate for BGE) to GE in 2817 available for sale. GDP is then in 2817 GE.

consumption tax model

• The LE may decrease their revenue from 2000 GE a stake of 71 WE (100x2000/2817 ~ 71). GE 580 of them are CONSUMPTION TAX: The remaining 1420 GE may pay the contractor a portion of the advanced costs. For the total advance, he must pay interest.
• The remaining 29 WE are now the following removed:
• need to purchase these 29 are approximately 817 GE WE removed by the BGE, which is the total amount of VAT, 29% of 2812th For this BGE, the state has 580 GE from the LE consumption has taken.
• He still has 237 GE advance, for paying the state at a rate of 5% per annum, a sum of about 12 a year, GE has .
• GE 817 (580 + 237) are now distributed to the entire population as BGE, which enable the WE remove remaining 29. GE 237 of them are consumption taxes, that the state can pay off the advance. The remaining 580 GE, the contractor may pay the final portion of his pre-shot costs.

Example 2004:

• GDP amounts to € 2,200 billion. The BGE is to be distributed 638 billion € (2200 x 0.29). The BGE be advanced by the State is 185 billion € (638 x 0.29). The state must bear interest at € 9 billion (5% interest rate) . With 80 million inhabitants each receive € 7,975 a year, ie € 665 a month. A family of 4 then receives € 2,658 a month.

income tax model

• The production of goods for the advanced costs over 2000 are the LE for GE as income and income available.
• VAT is not charged, but an income - or income tax of 29%.
• The LE have to file an income tax of only 29% left GE in 1420, which they use to purchase their goods component (71 units).
• by the state collected € 580 income tax are distributed to all as BGE and thus the remaining goods (29 units) from the market cleared.
• The employer can meet its pre-imposed costs. For the advance he had to pay interest.

income tax versus consumption tax

· The state pays no interest.

· The purchasing power of the income-tax-is stronger than in the consumption tax-BGE, as the LE will get GE in 1420 the income tax- Modell dieselben Leistungen wie mit 2000 GE bei dem Konsumsteuermodell. Dieselben Überlegungen gelten für die BGE-Ausgaben.

· Letztlich profitieren nur die Geldbesitzer bei dem Konsumsteuermodell à la Werner, weil sie Zinsen erhalten.

How To Fix Internet Ip Ping

neoclassical assumptions

Das Saysche Theorem eine neoklassische Annahme

Die heutige volkswirtschaftliche Lehre und Forschung fußt auf der Theorie der Neoklassik. Eine ihrer Glaubensätze besagt:

Das Angebot von Gütern schafft seine Nachfrage for goods.

This statement was formulated as Say's Theorem in 1803 by Jean-Baptiste Say. It is represented by the current neo-liberal, supply-side economics, whose motto is: Everything should be encouraged to facilitate the production of goods. They are lowering taxes for businesses, driving back wage claims, because they are production costs (cost of capital is not spoken) and the promotion of accumulation of money, because that encourages investment.

How should it get through the strengthening of the supply side to demand increase? Meant is this: In a

Factory-produced bikes. Their workers get this wage. With the money earned to buy products from other manufacturers. The factory owners and other producers make a profit. A portion of the recovered money is earmarked for investment or to suppliers, so have more money in their pockets. This increases the overall purchasing power and there are enough people who can buy Heue bicycles.

Behind this is the correct perception that the future revenue in an economy that today's editions. This can be described as a national economic and axiom is: In an economy by the money economy is marked, is that the economic costs of future revenue or otherwise considered in a stable (!) economy is the sum of all expenditures to the sum of all revenue.

This statement is based on the economic cycle model: while the money flows in one direction, opposite to the flow of goods or services. The neoclassical design of it but automatic: The Force expenditure to revenue and revenue expenditure also automatically terminate.

only what happens to an economy where the spent the money raised not again wird ? Zum Beispiel wird das Geld auf Schweitzer Konten verschoben oder in internationalen Spekulationsblasen transferiert, weil dort höhere Rendite winken, anstatt die heimischen Wirtschaft anzukurbeln, deren Absatzmarkt bereits gesättigt ist? Oder die Fabrikbesitzer leben im Ausland und investieren den Gewinn lieber dort. Oder das Geld wird schlicht und einfach bar gehortet mit dem Ziel, es für ein günstiges Schnäppchen auszugeben.

Die angebotsorientierten Vorschläge der Neoliberalen blenden die eigenständige Wirkung unseres Geldsystems auf die Wirtschaftsprozesse völlig aus.

Vor allem blenden they question the distribution of .

The problems occur when large parts of the money raised is distributed to a few people. Those persons are piling up a surplus of cash assets. is if this money is not re-issued it as final consumption and investment (a particular drug use), but will move to Switzerland or disappears in speculative bubbles, it lacks the economy. This compares with the unspent surplus goods produced or services to that are not removed from the market. Companies go bankrupt, the economy shrinks.

An example might das Problem verdeutlichen.

Hier wird die sog. reiche Gruppe, bei der die Einnahmen größer sind als die Ausgaben und die einen Bevölkerungsanteil von 25% umfassen soll, in ihren Einnahmen dem großen Rest der Bevölkerung gegenübergestellt. Die Annahme von 40% Einnahmeanteil dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe am BIP, hier mit 2000 Mrd. €./Jahr angegeben, kommt der bundesrepublikanischen Wirklichkeit recht nahe. Beim großen Teil der Bevölkerung sind im Wesentlichen die Ausgaben so groß wie die Einnahmen. Die Ausgaben des kleinen reichen Teils mögen bei konstant (!) z.B. 720 Mrd. Euro/Jahr liegen, das sind 36% des anfänglichen (!) BIP € 2000 billion. The profit would then initially be 4% of GDP or 10% of the initial income that is accumulated under prerequisite. Since the expenditure is always the future revenues, GDP will shrink in the following year, in our example, to € 80 billion (4% in 2000). The GDP shrinks under these conditions until the spending of the rich group are equal to their income, ie to account for 720 billion € in our example, then reached 40% of GDP, ie € 1800 billion. The gain is then naturally shrunk to zero (Marx tendency of the rate of profit = Keynes: marginal efficiency of capital).

This is crucial in this process to consume the rich part of his income and thus can not accumulate wealth. This accumulation was now to the initial unequal distribution of income to shift the expense of the poorer part on, for example, through rationalization investments or loans would ultimately worsen the crisis dynamics.

Our economic and monetary system can not be crisis-proof function :

an extremely unequal income distribution leads economic disruption. Such income situation arise, especially if there are ways in society, by the mere possession of scarce , but to bring all necessary goods powerless income (profit-making capacity, see www.dr-wo.de/schriften/ feudalism / ). In a modern industrial society, division of labor are:

• production resources scarce goods. - your possession leads to profits.
• Furthermore, the soil is a scarce resource, not enlargeable good. - being held out for rent.
• Aber besonders ist Geld ein solches Gut, denn das Geld ist nicht nur bloßes Tausch- , sondern auch Aufbewahrungsmittel, das durch Hortung (Verschiebung, Spekulation) dem Wirtschaftskreislauf entzogen werden kann und dadurch knapp wird. Dies ist die Liquiditätspräferenz des Geldes, die dazu führt, dass der Zins nicht unter den Liquiditätswert (erfahrungsgemäß 2%) sinkt. - Der Besitz von Geld führt in unserem Geldsystem zum Zins als leistungsloses Einkommen.

Eine langfristig wirksame und nachhaltige Therapie kann nur in Maßnahmen liegen, die verhindern, dass durch den Besitz von knappen gesellschaftlich nötigen Gütern, im großen Stil leistungsloses Einkommen erzielt wird, z.B. durch den Besitz von Geld, Boden, Produktionsmitteln u.a..)

Das kann sein :

• eine Besteuerung der Kapitalvermögen
• eine Besteuerung von Kapitalerträgen
• eine Besteuerung liquider Mittel , durch Einführung einer Rückhaltegebühr (s. H. Creutz: Das Geldsyndrom; u. www.INWO.de )

taxes in the nature of the Tobin tax, or taxation of remittance

Your System Modified Itunes

New Economy: Model

model for the representation of business transactions in the money economy

It is in our economic system, three large the economic process significantly affecting groups of participants: banks (Central Bank, private banks), the entrepreneurs and the power supplier. Ultimately, the mass of people as workers and employees in essentially the power supplier. The most important economic element or instrument for the exchange of services is money. The economic Process can essentially be described as follows.

in the companies, products or services produced by or with the help of the power suppliers. In economic terms, the total business spending money payments for the services of power suppliers. (For each operation, this looks more differentiated). These cash payments are in turn revenue performance of suppliers. With the income they buy the products and services produced in the company (s. 1 ). A scheme to illustrate this simplified model:

	entrepreneurs		producer supplier
expenditure	MONEY	reached producer	MONEY	revenue
	PERFORMANCE	come to companies	PERFORMANCE
	will
	PRODUKT	gelangt zu Produzent ( II )	PRODUKT
revenue	MONEY	reached Company (I)	MONEY	expenditure

* The function of banks is not listed in this schedule,

· is clear from this model that is a medium of circulation in a division of labor economy money facilitates the exchange of services between operators or even made possible: while the money flows in one direction, the performances get to the other, where demand for it. The money is from the banking system and ultimately provided by the Central Bank.

· On the cash side is clear that the original cost or cost of the entire company, with whom he pays his supplier performance (their income), later, as issues of this service provider's revenue. This can be described as a national economic axiom and is:

In an economy characterized by a money economy, is that the economic costs of future revenue or otherwise considered in a stable economy is the sum of all expenditure equal to the sum of all revenue.

The scheme also shows two weak points which hinder economic exchanges, because income and expenditure is no longer in equilibrium

I. Die Abnehmer behalten ihr Geld für andere Zwecke („Sparen“, Spekulation u.a.)

II. Die Leistungen werden nicht abgefragt, weil Sättigung herrscht (Kapitalismus) oder an den Bedürfnissen vorbei produziert wird (Sozialismus).

( s. 2 )

Zu II

Die im Company's products are removed from those who were mainly involved in their production. Fewer goods are removed, such a multi-product remains in the business (value / profit). This can consume the excess product itself or it has an enforcement problem. (S. 3 ) This is the goods side of the from opposite directions, consisting of interdependent circuit currents (money / goods) economic system.

Ad I

On the cash side , is that the expenditure is the future revenue. That means an economy is stable, wenn die einzelnen beteiligten Gruppen das wieder ausgeben, was sie einnehmen. Welche Wirkung hat es auf die Volkswirtschaft, wenn einzelne Gesellschaftsgruppen mehr Geld einnehmen als sie ausgeben können oder wollen, indem sie entweder “sparen“ (man sollte besser von „Einkommensüberschuss erzielen“ sprechen) oder Gewinne machen (Gewinn als positives Saldo aus Ausgaben, bzw. Kosten und Einnahmen)? Es ist logisch, dass sich dieser Überschuss als Geldvermögen in den Taschen dieser Gesellschaftsgruppen anhäuft . Wenn dieses Geld nicht wieder ausgegeben wird, sei es als Konsum oder Investition (eine besondere Konsumart), fehlt es der Volkswirtschaft. Diesem nicht ausgegebenen Überschuss stehen produzierte Güter, bzw. Leistungen gegenüber, die nicht vom Markt geräumt werden. Unternehmen gehen pleite, die Volkswirtschaft schrumpft.

Das folgende Zahlenbeispiel soll diese Aussagen illustrieren :

Hier wird die sog. reiche Gruppe, bei der die Einnahmen größer sind als die Ausgaben und die einen Bevölkerungsanteil von 25%, umfassen soll, in ihren Einnahmen dem großen Rest der Bevölkerung gegenübergestellt werden. Die Annahme von 40% Einnahmeanteil dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe am BIP, hier mit 2000 Mrd./Jahr Euro angegeben, kommt der bundesrepublikanischen Wirklichkeit wahrscheinlich recht nahe. Beim much of the population is mainly from the budgets as large as the revenue. The expenditure of the little rich part like constant at (!), For example at 720 billion € / year are that 36% of the initial (!) GDP of 2000 billion €. The profit would then be 4%, which is accumulated under prerequisite. Since the expenditure is always the future revenues, GDP will shrink in the following year, in our example by 80 billion euros (4% in 2000). The GDP shrinks under these conditions until the spending of the rich group are equal to their income, ie to make in our example, € 720 billion reached 40% of the then GDP, auf 1800 Mrd. Euro. Der Gewinn ist dann natürlich auf null geschrumpft ( Marx: tendenzielle Fall der Profitrate = Keynes: Grenzleistungsfähigkeit des Kapitals )

Das Entscheidende bei diesem Vorgang ist, dass der reiche Teil seine Einnahmen nicht konsumieren kann und dadurch Vermögen angehäuft wird. Diente diese Anhäufung nun dazu, die anfänglich ungleiche Einkommensverteilung zu Lasten des ärmeren Teils weiter zu verschieben, z.B. durch Rationalisierungs-Investitionen, würde sich letztlich die Krisendynamik verschärfen. Our economic and monetary system can therefore not work crises.

The balance of the purchase and sale, economically speaking, the expenditures and revenues is the foundation of a free economic crisis sequence. It is an enterprise resource planning "natural". There, goods for goods to be exchanged. Sale may take place through the simultaneous purchase and vice versa. In the hands of their producers largely useless goods to be exchanged into useful utility values, which are in the hands of the other exchange partner

The mere inequality in income distribution in a monetary economy could tend to lead to crises. Is solved the problem by the cash surplus is passed on to other traders on credit, who then injects its expenditure in the circulation.

Again, it is clear that our profit-oriented monetary economy on credit, is thus based on debt ratios. This is shown by the remarkable fact that two thirds of the bills are thus brought by the Central Bank in the economic cycle that gives loans to commercial banks.

But there is also an underlying basis in the economic system. Each division of labor economy is on instructed to place that performance and contribution at different times and different places can. This means that relationships of trust, or credit conditions (in the word credit puts the concept of trust) is because the participants have to trust that they receive for their services at a different time in another place and return. The role of the banking system (private and central banks) consists in delivering the assurance that the warenliefernde participant will receive in due course return.

The debtor can repay his loan only if he can sell his power, denn erst dann erhält er Geld für die Kredittilgung. Das ist die Ohnmacht des Schuldners. Gesamtwirtschaftlich gesehen kann die Kredittilgung nur funktionieren, wenn der Gesamtschuldner die Leistung des Schuldners annimmt, sonst wird der Kreislauf unterbrochen.

Zusammenfassung

Das Modell zeigt, dass ungleichmäßige Einkommensverteilung zu wirtschaftlichen Störungen führen kann. Extreme ungleiche Einkommensverhältnisse entstehen vor allem dann, wenn es in der Gesellschaft Möglichkeiten gibt, durch den bloßen Besitz von knappen, aber für alle notwendigen Gütern leistungsloses Einkommen achieve (profitable assets, see www.dr-wo.de/schriften/feudalismus/ ). In a modern industrial society, division of labor are:

• production resources scarce goods. - your possession leads to profits.
• Furthermore, the soil is a scarce resource, not enlargeable good. - being held out for rent.
• But more money is such a good, because the money is not just mere exchange, but also a store of that by hoarding the economic cycle may be withdrawn and therefore scarce. This reference is the liquidity of money, which means that the interest rate is not under the cash value (according to experience 2%) decreases. - The possession of money leads to interest in our monetary system.

.

first A concrete example may illustrate the schema :

A car mechanic has established a service company (companies). He needs to start with an advance as Goods worth € 1000, which he has expressed concern as a loan. With this money a vendor is paid, which in turn has referred the supply by a major supplier to 1000 €. The major supplier pays with the money received, a forwarding agent, which can in turn pass his trolley in the garage. Thus, the 1000 Euro can get back to the car mechanic, the return on this workshop or bring power to his credit for a new power in the economic cycle.

second Stability of the cash cycle

In art, the proposed model as a control group known (carburetor engine Temperaturreglung eines Aquarium). Wegen der angegebenen Störstellen I und II ist der Geldkreislauf als Regelkreis instabil. Während die etablierten Ökonomen meinen, die Störstelle I (Geldhortung) sei durch die Zinserhebung im Prinzip behoben und sich in der Theoriebildung auf das Problem von Nachfrage und Angebot ( Störstelle II ) im Wirtschaftsgeschehen beziehen, konzentrieren sich die Freiwirtschaftler besonders auf das Problem der Geldhortung (Störung I) mit der Erklärung, daß der Zins die prinzipielle Instabilität des Geldkreislaufes noch verstärkt. Meistens vernachlässigen sie den Nachfrage/Angebot-Aspekt.

Bei den Störfällen I und II schwankt die Money supply: money is either removed from the circuit (hoarding), or it is in proportion to the quantity of goods at much or too little money (demand / supply - Problem of goods). For the economists, the instability of our economic system is therefore also a question of controlling the money supply (exact quantity of money) in relation to the single commodity production. This is described mathematically by the formula M x V / Q = P, while M is the money supply, V is the velocity of money, and Q is the gross domestic product. P is then the average price level.

is in a stable economic cycle P constant. Therefore, attempts to charge for the stability to control state institutions, the money supply (M x V) corresponding to the gross national product. But it has difficulties in accurately determining the money supply, also develops the key rate as a tax instrument, in view of the Giro is not under its control monetary expansion, only a small tax effect. The mainstream economists (classical monetarists) have so successfully proposed to take a little inflation in constant purchasing (Maarstrichkriterien), as the opposite movement - is more difficult to control - deflation.

The instability is not resolved, but in the opinion of Freiwirtschaftler only reinforced.

third Growth and debt dynamics in developed capitalist economic system

In a division of labor economy money is a means of circulation, which facilitates the exchange of services between the operators or even made possible: the money goes in one direction, while in the other the the performance of other flows, where demand for it.

this is that the equivalence (equivalence) of money to pay (the scale function Money) will be exchanged services for benefits, even in the case of a debtor, usually a business, namely in terms of loan repayment. The transaction describes the goods side of the from opposing, interdependent circuit currents (Geld-/Warenströme). In macroeconomic terms, be taken in the company (general contractor) products manufactured by those who made them a majority. Fewer goods are removed, such a multi-product remains on the entrepreneurs. This ultimately leads to added value and to profit. The general contractor may consume the excess product itself or it has an enforcement problem. (See Box tendency for rate of profit).

The recovery problem is that the gain is realized in the capitalist system through an excess of money ( G --- G --- W + MG ). The goods surplus (More on the goods) shall only be exchanged for the money its value (value added, profit).

But where are the customers who give it the money? can not even be the power supplier. They have with their cleared as revenue, income, and wages by the entity, the money part of the goods, as the equivalent cost is for this money. The other part of the goods surplus. What might look like a recovery of the goods surplus?

• The business community could consume the goods surplus itself by removing it with each other. They then consume the profits through their life of luxury - Construction of palaces. This creates social problems and has limitations.
• Or, the goods surplus is exported without the simultaneous importation of foreign goods in other countries. The country then has an export surplus. The foreign recipients either has debt, for which he pays interest or foreign currency in return paid by the exporter to the foreign economic investment return pregnant. The profits are transferred abroad through export income.
• The problem can also be resolved by lending. Only then will the other operators for market clearance of the goods surplus money necessary. (This is done indirectly by the central bank). This results in the debtor. Economically, this means economic growth, and that is when the debtor to repay his loan, additional Must provide services to earn the money necessary for redemption.

Already at this point it is clear that a profit-oriented financial system necessarily produces over Borrowing growth, it should work fine.

debt and growth characteristics of the profit-oriented, money-based economic system.